Category: Communication

There are many drugs which come from plants for example heroin, morphine and codeine are all processed from Opium Poppy. Cocaine is derived from Coca Leaves, and Aspirin comes from Willow Bark. Drugs have to be tested to make sure they are safe to ensure it doesn’t harm the human, and they have to make sure they actually work (cure the disease, etc.) The drugs are tested on human cells artificially grown in the lab. The drugs are tested with computer  models, if the drugs pass this stage then they proceed to be tested on animals they tend to put a known amount of the substance on the animal and monitor any noticeable side effects. If they then pass this stage the drugs approach the Clinical Trials, this is when healthy people volunteer for the drugs to be tested on them. If it works on them then the drug will be tested on people with the illness to see if it cures it.

An antibody is a blood protein created to fight against any pathogens which have entered your body. A pathogen can be a bacteria, fungi and a virus, as a result they can cause a disease or an infection.

After two vaccine doses most adults will develop protective antibodies against the Chicken-Pox virus, the vaccination is secure. People who were vaccinated against Chicken-Pox may sometimes develop the disease but it is usually not that severe, with about 50 or fewer red bumps that rarely grow into blisters.

The way it works is a vaccine is created so that our white blood cells are trained to be able to produce many antibodies for the antigens in the case of infection. We use a little part of the disease included in the vaccine so that our defence system reacts and is able to memerise how to create the antibodies. As a result you would be immune from this particular disease. But of course if the disease mutates or changes then we would require a new vaccination as our white blood cells would require a different set of antibodies to kill the antigens. Another method is that perhaps the white blood cell could ingest the bacterium.

Glance into a food bank over the festive season and the idea of hope seems to be far away. Sorrow, yes. Embarrassment, definitely. Or injustice that is so common in our ‘fair’ country. After speaking to the people at the food bank it helped me realise that these people suffering are like you and me. Many people seem to think that poverty is an idea, when it’s a reality that people are facing daily.

If poverty isn’t a problem in the U.K., then why are millions suffering from ‘not being able to make ends meet’?

Over 2 million UK citizens are estimated to be malnourished. This shocking stat outlines a major problem. UK Citizens struggle to earn a living which supports their dietary needs, let alone their family needs. Steve, a former high salary earning man was involved in a fatal collision. Leaving him to survive on benefits, doctors deemed him as ‘not fit for work’. Steve a former high salary earning man was involved in a fatal collision. Leaving him to survive on benefits, doctors deemed him ‘fit for work’. Steve wasn’t able to attend attend his job seekers meeting and as a result got his benefits cut. ” Now I have to go to the food bank every three days for supplies.” Steve isn’t alone though, almost half a million people went to Trussel Trust between April-September 2016. How are people meant to afford stable housing when they can’t afford food?

The homeless are shadowed by the amazing skyscrapers, the beautiful sights and the rich people who flaunt their possessions. The government are ignorant towards the homeless, as if they don’t matter or exist. Some reside in dark alleyways through no choice of their own, but for the sheer fact that the lack of light helps them to sleep. Many people   find hostels to sleep in, but a 30 percent increase in rough sleepers from 2015 (3569) continues to shock the few that care.

Child poverty, is a form of poverty which you are forced into. Over 1/4 of U.K. children live in poverty and 64 percent of those children have a parent that works. This is crazy; how are people working yet they still are finding it hard to give their kids a good childhood. A woman that I spoke to said that “I feel exploited I work my hardest every day, more than others do and yet I go home not being able to buy my child whatever he wants.

To conclude, all of these issues that England faces disprove the statement. At least 3500 people are homeless, a quarter of UK children are living in poor conditions and finally over half a million people attended food banks in the space of 6 months! This is outrageous as these unfortunate people are continued to be neglected and forgotten. If as a society we want to progress we need to address this humanitarian crisis.

Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create tension on water. Because water is attracted to other molecules, adhesive forces pull the liquid to other molecules. Evaporation is the process of liquid changing to a gas as a result of heat. Xylem is a transport tissue which transports water and solutes from the roots to the leaves.Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain stomata, (which are openings) to allow carbon dioxide into the leaf. Plants transpire in order to cool the leaf, vaporisation means that the plants lose water to cool themselves down. If it doesn’t then consequently the plant will dry due to high temperatures . Light, temperature, wind and humidity all affect transpiration rate. Wilting is the condition that arises in plants when more water is lost by evaporation than is absorbed from the soil, this results in the plant drooping and possible death. Xerophytes live in deserts where water is scarce and evaporation is rapid, or in windy habitats where evaporation can also be rapid.

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Muhsin Ahmed and Andre Briones

Microscopes are useful in studying cell biology because it can magnify into an object that is underneath the scope and show its cells. The cell can then  be examined by scientists and therefore it builds understandings of cells. The reason whit is i really helpful is because they can zoom in up to 1000 times  bigger than the normal size.if it was  the normal size we wouldn’t be able to examine it but this way we can.

Magnification calculation formula: Length of object=Length of magnified object/magnification

Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem lager and resolution is the ability to separate two objects from each other.

Advantages of light microscope:

• Simple to use
• Can view both alive and dead specimen
• The biggest advantage is that they have a higher resolution and therefore are also able of a higher magnification.
• Depending on the type of electron microscope, it is possible to view the three dimensional external shape of an object.
• In scanning electron microscopy, because to the nature of electrons, electron microscopes have a greater depth of field compared to the light microscopes

Disadvantages of light microscopes:

• Very expensive
• Sample preparation is often much more complex
• The sample must be completely dry, making it impossible to see
• Its impossible to see it moving
• Its impossible to see color
• The space needed is high
• To keep it maintained is expensive

Bacterial (prokaryotic) cells:

• Flagellum- enables many bacteria to swim
• Cytoplasm-
• Ribosomes-
• Nucleoid-
• Plasma Membrane-
• Cell Wall-
• Capsule-
• Plasmid-
• Pili-                                                                                                                  –

A lichen is not a single organism; it is a stable symbiotic association between a fungus and algae and/or cyanobacteria. Lichens can be used as to tell us if there is a high amount of air pollution in and around the area, including all the sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, as Lichen are sensitive to all the Sulfur Dioxide in the air. Lichens are plants that grow in exposed places such as rocks, tree bark and bare ground. They need to be very good at absorbing water and nutrients to grow there. Impacts of Acid Rain has meant that Lichen on tree bark have been affected and therefore destroying its chlorophyll, resulting in no more Photosynthesis.

Its a hardship. To go through with this.This barbaric inhumane sport. People gather to spectate death. Maybe the evolution of the human race has far exceeded the level of sanity. The thunderous weather replicated the horrendous turn of events that were about to occur, the introduction to my first. My first battle, this ones for my life. I heard there are 23 others in my position. Being transferred to Dubai and fight for my life wasn’t exactly how i planned my summer holidays.

Apparently the journey will be 18 hours, that’s a lot of time to contemplate the forthcoming events. In my plane there were three other combatants, all apart from one were quivering in their boots. We were sharing our stories and how we got here. The thing is we all came to a conclusion that the fact that we were forced into this none of us really want to be here. Also that since are families got money for this ‘inconvenience’ that sort of makes us mercenaries considering what we are being sent to do. There was a competitive atmosphere roaming around, but that’s only natural I mean after all in a week we are gonna be pitched up against each other in a bloodbath.

So it read

“Omar Mohammed 1991-2008”

and then my eyes watered

Earlier, I revisited the place where he fell, I made my peace, and made a promise to him.

The arid desolate land absorbed the bouncing sun rays, heat is the most common thing in this ex war zone. Not many of us around here, and I can’t say I don’t know why. Every now and then a truck passes, but now I feel like I am in eternal loneliness. They took my only friend,   Omar.

The variety of emotions that englufed me revolved around one thing. Those cold hearted bastards that killed Omar! I swore on that day, and on that day began the hunt for the monsters.

Vengeance, vengance is the one and only thing that I want. I won’t be satisfied if I don’t get it, but I will get it, I’m certain of it. Don’t worry I came prepared for my mission, an Ak-47 to destroy those metallic bastards. There was no specific way to find an airborne drone but I  know that those greedy Americans will send drones in no time whatsoever. What continues to perplex me is how people can control those monsters and attack innocent people, people like Omar. I’ll never forget that heinous crime until I feel that I have accomplished justice, that may take a while but for Omar I’ll do whatever it takes.

Never in my life have I used such a weapon, this ‘thing’ that I have in my hands right now has the power to take away lives. Just like that. No going back. It is so disheartening to know that a guns reprucussion can result in a lifetime of pain when it only takes half a second for a bullet to penetrate.

Just pull the trigger and pretend the bullets are your emotions, let it all out. My mum perished.Dad missing.I had Omar but .Everyone who gets close to me DIES. The will for me to live is minute, there is nothing for me to live for. No family. No friends. One goal. Vengeance.

The night before, I’m out looking too see if there is any pattern in the drone sightings, anything that will help me on my conquest. None showed, I’m going now , my shelter isn’t very far from here, in fact I can see it from here. The plan is simple, go sleep, dream about victory, then the very next day achieve it.

I wake with emotions overwhelming me . But I can’t let my emotions derail me from my true mission. I leave my shelter, maybe for the last time, I might come back, I don’t think this is a world I want to live in anymore as I said. No family. No friends. One goal. Vengeance

My thoughts are scurrying around in my head, I’m apprehensive, terrified and sad. I most likely will cause distress to the civilians nearby, but anything for Omar, the brother I never had.

The gun on my side and the wait begins. The whirring noise approaches me from somewhere. Without haste the gun is pulled out, and the chase is on. I go up the hill to get an advantage, the noise is getting louder at a rapid rate. There it is, the machinery that erased Omar’s life. My ammunition went quicker than my clear thinking did. All of my shots missed. But theirs didn’t. I join Omar, looks like a happy ending after all.

April 9th 1987 was the DAY. DOOMSDAY.

So there I was standing in front of what looked like a haunted house that you would see out of a movie or a fictional story. Always stirring amongst my mind was the question, what is  inside? Inside I was daring my self to do the unthinkable but then if ever was the time to be smart. I was sort of investigating the house from a good distance. But then I noticed  a glimmering light exploding out of the windows and into my eyes.

To an abrupt halt I came to an astounding realisation, I was no longer on Grove lane nearby the house, I was in the HOUSE. Then a sudden emergence of trepidation engulfed me , the surroundings of the seemingly abandoned house overcame me. I needed to get into hidden place so I could be safe or at least feel safe. I said to my self “remember the movies its all fake”, no matter how many times I recited this verse I was still ever fearful. No description would be fit enough for the sweat that inhabited my face, if it wasn’t for the darkness you could see the red gushing from my frightened face. Even now I cannot explain why I did this but I shot to the door like a rifle bullet. But my eyes were blinded by a bright red paint which was scattered across the wall, quickly I pieced the words together and it read ‘YOUR DOOMSDAY HAS ARRIVED’.

To this day I can not forget that feeling that I experienced after reading that, its like wanting to throw up but because you want to be quiet because your afraid your body refuses to do so. But I had enough, I screamed out to my lungs capacity and then some, id like to think it was a roar but I was at breaking point so it wouldn’t surprise me. An immensely loud noise approached me from the upper stairs, and when I looked to the stairs there was nothing there. I turned around and it was pitch black, the red paint had disappeared but it seemed like I was no longer in the same room due to the atmospheric change. The air felt heavy and my breathing became erratic, and then I felt a heavy draft of wind coming my way and that was when I felt the hot breath stalking my neck. I scurried to somewhere in the room and my senses picked up the same creepy sensation followed my unfortunate self. This nightmare of a situation was reaching its climax when the dark figure appeared in front of my pupils.

It looked like a shadow but there wasn’t anything else for it to shadow, and then it said “YOUR DOOMSDAY HAS ARRIVED” I asked it what does that mean and I didn’t get a reply but instead I got a sinister laugh to scare me even more. As the thing approached me he said “Its Midnight.”